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06/04/12 Caltech Media Relations
Written by Marcus Woo
Physicists Close in on a Rare Particle-Decay Process
Underground Experiment May Unlock Mysteries of the Neutrino
PASADENA, Calif.—In the biggest result of its kind in more than ten years, physicists have made the most sensitive measurements yet in a decades-long hunt for a hypothetical and rare process involving the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
If discovered, the researchers say, this process could have profound implications for how scientists understand the fundamental laws of physics and help solve some of the universe’s biggest mysteries—including why there is more matter than antimatter and, therefore, why regular matter like planets, stars, and humans exists at all.
The experiment, the Enriched Xenon Observatory 200 (EXO-200), is an international collaboration that includes the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and is led by Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratory.

This large copper cylindrical vessel is the Enriched Xenon Observatory 200′s (EXO-200) time projection chamber, the part of the detector that contains the liquid xenon, isotopically enriched in xenon-136. The photo shows the chamber being inserted into the cryostat, which keeps the experiment at extremely low temperatures.
[Credit: EXO]
The collaboration, consisting of 80 researchers, has submitted a paper describing the results to the journalPhysical Review Letters.
In a normal double beta decay, which was first observed in 1986, two neutrons in an unstable atomic nucleus turn into two protons; two electrons and two antineutrinos—the antimatter counterparts of neutrinos—are emitted in the process.
But physicists have suggested that two neutrons could also decay into two protons by emitting two electrons without producing any antineutrinos. “People have been looking for this process for a very long time,” says Petr Vogel, senior research associate in physics, emeritus, at Caltech and a member of the EXO-200 team. “It would be a very fundamental discovery if someone actually observes it.”
A neutrino is inevitably produced in a single beta decay. Therefore, the two neutrinos that are produced in a neutrinoless double beta decay must somehow cancel each other out. For that to happen, physicists say, a neutrino must be its own antiparticle, allowing one of the two neutrinos to act as an antineutrino and annihilate the other neutrino. That a neutrino can be its own antiparticle is not predicted by the Standard Model—the remarkably successful theory that describes how all elementary particles behave and interact.
If this neutrinoless process does indeed exist, physicists would be forced to revise the Standard Model.
The process also has implications for cosmology and the origin of matter, Vogel says. Right after the Big Bang, the universe had the same amount of matter as antimatter. Somehow, however, that balance was tipped, producing a slight surplus in matter that eventually led to the existence of all of the matter in the universe. The fact that the neutrino can be its own antiparticle might have played a key role in tipping that balance.

The Enriched Xenon Observatory 200 (EXO-200) is a neutrino experiment housed 2150 feet below ground in a salt basin at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). The subterranean location isolates it from cosmic rays and other sources of natural radioactivity.
[Credit: EXO/WIPP/SLAC]
More than ten years ago, the collaboration behind the Heidelberg-Moscow Double Beta Decay Experiment controversially claimed to have discovered neutrinoless double beta decay using germanium-76 isotopes. But now, the EXO-200 researchers say, their new data makes it highly unlikely that those earlier results were valid.
The EXO-200 experiment, which started taking data last year, will continue its quest for the next several years.
The EXO collaboration involves scientists from SLAC, Stanford, the University of Alabama, Universität Bern, Caltech, Carleton University, Colorado State University, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Indiana University, UC Irvine, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (Moscow), Laurentian University, the University of Maryland, the University of Massachusetts–Amherst, the University of Seoul, and the Technische Universität München. This research was supported by the DOE and the National Science Foundation in the United States, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council in Canada, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC).
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Read directly from the source
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Marcus Woo (2012).![]()
Physicists Close in on a Rare Particle-Decay Process
Caltech news releases
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Στοιχειώδες σωματίδιο
Κατά τη Σωματιδιακή Φυσική στοιχειώδες σωματίδιο χαρακτηρίζεται το μικρότερο δομικό σωματίδιο της ύλης που έχει ανακαλυφθεί και που δεν διαιρείται περαιτέρω, τουλάχιστον με τα σημερινά δεδομένα σε ακόμη μικρότερα. Συνεπώς ένα στοιχειώδες σωματίδιο είναι ένα σωματίδιο που δεν έχει εσωτερική δομή, δεν αποτελείται δηλαδή από άλλα σωματίδια. Τα στοιχειώδη σωματίδια αποτελούν τα δομικά υλικά όλων των άλλων σωμάτιων (υποατομικών).
Τα στοιχειώδη σωματίδια, για τη πληρέστερη μελέτη τους, κατατάχθηκαν σε δυο κύριες κατηγορίες:
- Τα σωματίδια δομής, τα καλούμενα φερμιόνια, τα σωματίδια αυτά συμμετέχουν στη δομή της ύλης, και αυτά είναι τα κουάρκ και τα λεπτόνια, και στα
- Τα σωματίδια φορείς, τα καλούμενα μποζόνια, που είναι σωματίδια-φορείς των δυνάμεων. Αυτά είναι το φωτόνιο (ηλεκτρομαγνητική δύναμη), τα W και Z μποζόνια(ασθενής αλληλεπίδραση), το γκλουόνιο (ισχυρή αλληλεπίδραση) και το υποθετικό βαρυτόνιο (βαρυτική δύναμη).
Σύμφωνα με τον παραπάνω ορισμό, τα αδρόνια, (συνδυασμοί κουάρκ), όπως π.χ. το πρωτόνιο, το νετρόνιο και το πιόνιο, δεν θεωρούνται στοιχειώδη σωμάτια αφού σήμερα ξέρουμε ότι έχουν δομή και συγκεκριμένα σύμφωνα με το καθιερωμένο μοντέλο, αποτελούνται από κουάρκ τα οποία θεωρούνται τα “πραγματικά” στοιχειώδη σωμάτια, τα έσχατα δηλαδή δομικά στοιχεία της ύλης. Καθώς όμως τα κουάρκ δεν έχουν ελεύθερη κατάσταση, αρκετοί όταν αναφέρονται σε στοιχειώδη σωμάτια εννοούν και τα αδρόνια. Όχι με την έννοια ότι δεν έχουν δομή, αλλά με την έννοια ότι δεν μπορούν να χωριστούν στα συστατικά τους. Αρκετοί διατηρούν έτσι την ιστορική ονομασία “στοιχειώδη” για τα αδρόνια, σε αναλογία με τα άτομα: παρόλο που σήμερα γνωρίζουμε ότι τα άτομα μπορούν να διασπαστούν, αν και για τις χημικές αντιδράσεις ο χαρακτηρισμός “άτομα” είναι επιτυχημένος.
Ο κλάδος της φυσικής που ασχολείται με τη θεωρητική αντιμετώπιση των προβλημάτων που αφορούν τα στοιχειώδη σωματίδια, είναι η Σωματιδιακή Φυσική. Η πειραματική διαδικασία απαιτεί πολύπλοκα και δαπανηρά συστήματα, που βασίζεται κυρίως στους επιταχυντές σωματιδίων, όπου με την επιτάχυνση διάφορων τύπων σωματιδίων και τη σύγκρουση μεταξύ τους, μπορούμε να τα “διασπάσουμε” στα πιο στοιχειώδη τους μέρη, μελετώντας έτσι τη δομή της ύλης αλλά και ανακαλύπτοντας νέα σωματίδια. Για να επιτυχθεί όμως αυτό, στα επιταχυνόμενα σωματίδια παρέχονται τεράστια ποσά ενέργειας.
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Διαβάστε απ᾽ ευθείας απο την Βικιπαίδεια
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ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΟΜΑΔΑ ΕΚΛΑΊΚΕΥΣΗΣ
Τα Στοιχειώδη Σωματίδια
ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ:
•Το άτομο
•Πυρήνας και ηλεκτρόνια
•Πρωτόνια και νετρόνια
•Κουάρκ
•Η 1η γενιά των Στοιχειωδών Σωματιδίων
•Η 2η και 3η γενιά των Στοιχειωδών Σωματιδίων
•…και τα αντισωματίδια
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Διαβάστε απ᾽ευθείας απο την πηγή
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Physicists Close in on a Rare Particle-Decay Process – Caltech Media Relations.


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