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Livermore experiments illuminate how order arises in the cosmos
Breanna Bishop, LLNL
LIVERMORE, Calif. — One of the unsolved mysteries of contemporary science is how highly organized structures can emerge from the random motion of particles. This applies to many situations ranging from astrophysical objects that extend over millions of light years to the birth of life on Earth.
The surprising discovery of self-organized electromagnetic fields in counter-streaming ionized gases (also known as plasmas) will give scientists a new way to explore how order emerges from chaos in the cosmos. This breakthrough finding was published online in the journal,Nature Physics on Sept. 30.
“We’ve created a model for exploring how electromagnetic fields help organize ionized gas or plasma in astrophysical settings, such as in the plasma flows that emerge from young stars,” said lead author Nathan Kugland, a postdoctoral researcher in the High Energy Density Science Group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). “These fields help shape the flows, and likely play a supporting role alongside gravity in the formation of solar systems, which can eventually lead to the creation of planets like the Earth.”
“This observation was completely unexpected, since the plasmas move so quickly that they should freely stream past each other,” explained Hye-Sook Park, team leader and staff physicist at LLNL. Park added that “laser-driven plasma experiments can study the microphysics of plasma interaction and structure formation under controlled conditions.”
Studying astrophysics with laboratory experiments can help answer questions about astrophysical objects that are far beyond the reach of direct measurements. This research is being carried out as part of a large international collaboration, Astrophysical Collisionless Shock Experiments with Lasers (ACSEL), led by LLNL, Princeton University, Osaka University and Oxford University, with many other universities participating.
This work was performed at the OMEGA EP laser by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Additional support was provided by the LDRD program and the International Collaboration for High Energy Density Science (ICHEDS), supported by the Core-to-Core Program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The research leading to these results received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme.
Founded in 1952, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory provides solutions to our nation’s most important national security challenges through innovative science, engineering and technology. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is managed by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration.
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Read directly from the source
Nature Physics Letter (not open access)
Self-organized electromagnetic field structures in laser-produced counter-streaming plasmas
Nature Physics (2012) doi:10.1038/nphys2434
- Received 30 May 2012
- Accepted 28 August 2012
Published online 30 September 2012
Self-organization occurs in plasmas when energy progressively transfers from smaller to larger scales in an inverse cascade. Global structures that emerge from turbulent plasmas can be found in the laboratory and in astrophysical settings; for example, the cosmic magnetic field, collisionless shocks in supernova remnants and the internal structures of newly formed stars known as Herbig–Haro objects. Here we show that large, stable electromagnetic field structures can also arise within counter-streaming supersonic plasmas in the laboratory. These surprising structures, formed by a yet unexplained mechanism, are predominantly oriented transverse to the primary flow direction, extend for much larger distances than the intrinsic plasma spatial scales and persist for much longer than the plasma kinetic timescales. Our results challenge existing models of counter-streaming plasmas and can be used to better understand large-scale and long-time plasma self-organization.
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ΑΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΚΤΟ ΑΝΤΙΓΡΑΦΟ
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![]()
Breanna Bishop (2012).
Livermore experiments illuminate
how order arises in the cosmos
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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Σύνδεσμοι στα Ελληνικά
- Πλάσμα (φυσική) Βικιπαίδεια
- Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης Ινστιτούτο Φυσικής Πλάσματος
- Τι είναι το πλάσμα;
Γνωρίζουμε ότι η ύλη εμφανίζεται σε στερεά, υγρή και αέρια κατάσταση. Τι είναι όμως το πλάσμα;
Το πλάσμα, η 4η κατάσταση της ύλης, όπως συχνά αποκαλείται, αποτελείται από ελεύθερα κινούμενα ηλεκτρόνια και ιόντα, δηλαδή θετικά φορτισμένα άτομα, που έχουν χάσει κάποια από τα ηλεκτρόνιά τους. Για να μετατραπεί ένα αέριο σε πλάσμα, χρειάζεται μεγάλη ποσότητα ενέργειας, ικανή να αποσπάσει τα ηλεκτρόνια από τα άτομά τους. Γι’ αυτό και το πλάσμα είναι μια ηλεκτρικά αγώγιμη μορφή ύλης, που αντιδρά σε ηλεκτρικά και μαγνητικά πεδία. Αυτή ακριβώς η ιδιότητά του χρησιμοποιείται για το «περιορισμό» του πλάσματος σε πυρηνικούς αντιδραστήρες σύντηξης. Περισσότερο από το 99% του ορατού σύμπαντος, τα άστρα αλλά και η μεσοαστρική ύλη αποτελείται από κάποια μορφή πλάσματος.
Στη Γη, αντίθετα, οι εμφανίσεις πλάσματος είναι σχετικά σπάνιες και παρατηρούνται, για παράδειγμα, στους κεραυνούς ή στο Βόρειο Σέλας. Η φυσική πλάσματος έχει γνωρίσει μεγάλη ανάπτυξη τα τελευταία χρόνια, αφού εκτός από τη σημασία της στην αστροφυσική, έχει βρει αναρίθμητες εφαρμογές, που ξεκινούν από την αποστείρωση επικίνδυνων αποβλήτων και καταλήγουν στην ιατρική και στην παραγωγή ενέργειας.
Κατά τα άλλα, οι φυσικοί ερευνούν και άλλες μορφές της ύλης, όπως το συμπύκνωμα Bose-Einstein , το πλάσμα κουάρκ-γλουονίων, την παράξενη ύλη κτλ.
απο το Science Illustrated
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ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ ΣΤΗ ΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΠΛΑΣΜΑΤΟΣ
Αρχείο σε Pdf Plasma
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