
Neuroscientists from NYU and the University of California, Irvine have isolated the “when” and “where” of molecular activity that occurs in the formation of short-, intermediate-, and long-term memories. Their findings offer new insights into the molecular architecture of memory formation and, with it, a better road map for developing therapeutic interventions for related afflictions. @iStockPhoto.com/Stefan Schulze
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Neuroscientists find the molecular ”when” and ”when” of memory formation
October 15, 2012 | Press Release | New York University
Neuroscientists from New York University and the University of California, Irvine have isolated the “when” and “where” of molecular activity that occurs in the formation of short-, intermediate-, and long-term memories. Their findings, which appear in the journal the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, offer new insights into the molecular architecture of memory formation and, with it, a better roadmap for developing therapeutic interventions for related afflictions.
“Our findings provide a deeper understanding of how memories are created,” explained the research team leader Thomas Carew, a professor in NYU’s Center for Neural Science and dean of NYU’s Faculty of Arts and Science. “Memory formation is not simply a matter of turning molecules on and off; rather, it results from a complex temporal and spatial relationship of molecular interaction and movement.”
Neuroscientists have previously uncovered different aspects of molecular signaling relevant to the formation of memories. But less understood is the spatial relationship between molecules and when they are active during this process.
To address this question, the researchers studied the neurons in Aplysia californica, the California sea slug. Aplysia is a model organism that is quite powerful for this type of research because its neurons are 10 to 50 times larger than those of higher organisms, such as vertebrates, and it possesses a relatively small network of neurons—characteristics that readily allow for the examination of molecular signaling during memory formation. Moreover, its coding mechanism for memories is highly conserved in evolution, and thus is similar to that of mammals, making it an appropriate model for understanding how this process works in humans.
The scientists focused their study on two molecules, MAPK and PKA, which earlier research has shown to be involved in many forms of memory and synaptic plasticity—that is, changes in the brain that occur after neuronal interaction. But less understood was how and where these molecules interacted.
To explore this, the researchers subjected the sea slugs to sensitization training, which induces increased behavioral reflex responsiveness following mild tail shock, or in this study, mild activation of the nerve form the tail. They then examined the subsequent molecular activity of both MAPK and PKA. Both molecules have been shown to be involved in the formation of memory for sensitization, but the nature of their interaction is less clear.
What they found was MAPK and PKA coordinate their activity both spatially and temporally in the formation of memories. Specifically, in the formation of intermediate-term (i.e., hours) and long-term (i.e., days) memories, both MAPK and PKA activity occur, with MAPK spurring PKA action. By contrast, for short-term memories (i.e., less than 30 minutes), only PKA is active, with no involvement of MAPK.
The study’s other co-authors were Xiaojing Ye, a postdoctoral fellow in NYU’s Center for Neural Science, Andreea Marina, an undergraduate at UC Irvine at the time of the study. The research was conducted at NYU’s Center for Neural Science and UC Irvine’s Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.
This work was supported by grants RO1 MH 041083 and RO1 MH 081151 from the National Institute of Mental Health, part of the National Institutes of Health, and a grant IOB-0444762 from the National Science Foundation.
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Read directly from the source
PNAS article (not open access)
Local synaptic integration of mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein kinase A signaling mediates intermediate-term synaptic facilitation in Aplysia
Abstract
It is widely appreciated that memory processing engages a wide range of molecular signaling cascades in neurons, but how these cascades are temporally and spatially integrated is not well understood. To explore this important question, we used Aplysia californica as a model system. We simultaneously examined the timing and subcellular location of two signaling molecules, MAPK (ERK1/2) and protein kinase A (PKA), both of which are critical for the formation of enduring memory for sensitization. We also explored their interaction during the formation of enduring synaptic facilitation, a cellular correlate of memory, at tail sensory-to-motor neuron synapses. We find that repeated tail nerve shock (TNS, an analog of sensitizing training) immediately and persistently activates MAPK in both sensory neuron somata and synaptic neuropil. In contrast, we observe immediate PKA activation only in the synaptic neuropil. It is followed by PKA activation in both compartments 1 h after TNS. Interestingly, blocking MAPK activation during, but not after, TNS impairs PKA activation in synaptic neuropil without affecting the delayed PKA activation in sensory neuron somata. Finally, by applying inhibitors restricted to the synaptic compartment, we show that synaptic MAPK activation during TNS is required for the induction of intermediate-term synaptic facilitation, which leads to the persistent synaptic PKA activation required to maintain this facilitation. Collectively, our results elucidate how MAPK and PKA signaling cascades are spatiotemporally integrated in a single neuron to support synaptic plasticity underlying memory formation.
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New York University Press release (2012).![]()
Neuroscientists find the molecular ”when” and ”when” of memory formation
New York University News / PNAS
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Tracing Knowledge Notification | Ειδοποίηση Στα ίχνη της Γνώσης
UNMODIFIED COPY
of the original post, out of respect to the source (*) and readers.
Please follow the provided link for references and more informations.
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ΑΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΚΤΟ ΑΝΤΙΓΡΑΦΟ
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Παρακαλώ επισκεφθείτε τον σύνδεσμο για περισσότερες πληροφορίες.
Neuroscientists Find the Molecular “When” and “Where” of Memory Formation.
The following text in Greek language is not a translation of the article
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Λίγα λόγια στα Ελληνικά χωρίς να αποτελούν πιστή μετάφραση του
Αγγλικού κειμένου, το οποίο απαιτεί προϋπάρχουσες γνώσεις για να γίνει κατανοητό.
Τα συμπεράσματά της παρουσιαζόμενης έρευνας παρέχουν μια βαθύτερη κατανόηση
για το πώς οι δημιουργούνται οι μνήμες,
κάτι το οποίο μέχρι σήμερα δεν ήταν αποσαφηνισμένο.
Ο σχηματισμός μιας μνήμης δεν φαίνεται να είναι θέμα
απλής ενεργοποίησης η απενεργοποίησης μοριακών δομών (ομάδων)
αλλά αντιθέτως προκύπτει από μια σύνθετη διαδικασία που συντελείται
στους κροταφικούς λοβούς του εγκεφάλου οι οποίοι βρίσκονται
στο πλάγιο τμήμα του κάθε ημισφαιρίου.
Ο κροταφικός λοβός, είναι υπεύθυνος και για την πρωταρχική επεξεργασία
των προσλαμβανομένων ερεθισμάτων απο τα αισθητήρια όργανα
καθώς και για την αρχική διαδικασία δημιουργίας μιας μνήμης.
Αυτή είναι ένας διαχωρισμός, ένα ξεκαθάρισμα θα έλεγα,
σε αντιληπτά μέσω των αισθητηρίων, ερεθίσματα και σε γεγονότα ή συμβάντα,
σε συνάρτηση όμως με τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά του κάθε εγκεφάλου,
δηλαδή τα βιώματα που φέρει απο το περιβάλλον μέσα στο οποίο έχει αναπτυχθεί
και είναι υπεύθυνα για τις αντιδράσεις του, την συμπεριφορά του.
Μια μνήμη, μπορεί να είναι, επεισοδιακή, σημασιολογική ή διαδικαστική
Έχουμε όλοι μας παρατηρήσει ότι τα γεγονότα γύρω μας ή ότι αντιλαμβάνονται
τα αισθητήριά μας, δεν μετατρέπονται συλλήβδην σε μνήμες.
Πως γίνεται αυτός ο διαχωρισμός όμως και με ποιά κριτήρια ;
Ο ρόλλος συγκεκριμένων πρωτεϊνών φαίνεται πρωταγωνιστικός.
Σε αυτές οφείλεται η μέτρηση της έντασης του προσλαμβανομένου ερεθίσματος,
η οποία καθορίζει και την παραγωγή ή όχι συναισθήματος.
Ακολουθεί η διαδικασία λήψης μίας απόφασης για το τι είναι σημαντικό για εμένα
(ώστε να αποθηκευθεί) και τι δεν είναι (ώστε να απορριφθεί).
Αυτή σχετίζεται άμεσα με τα προαναφερθέντα περί ατομικών χαρακτηριστικών.
Τα προς αποθήκευση δεδομένα αποτελούν στο σύνολό τους πλέον, μια συνειδητή μνήμη,
η οποία στη συνέχεια θα μεταφερθεί ως ολότητα, μέσω πρωτεϊνικών αλληλεπιδράσεων
σε διαφορετικό λοβό.
Μια σημαντική παρατήρηση σε αυτό το σημείο είναι,
ότι τα δεδομένα δεν βρίσκονται απαραίτητα στον ίδιο λοβό
με την μνήμη που έχουν δημιουργήσει.
Η συνειδητή μνήμη έχει μια θέση όπου αποθηκεύεται ως σύνολο δεδομένων,
τα οποία όμως είναι διακριτά αποθηκευμένα σε διαφορετικά σημεία,
αναλόγως των ερεθισμάτων που τα έχουν δημιουργήσει.
Με την ανάπτυξη των σύγχρονων μεθόδων απεικόνισης
των εγκεφαλικών λειτουργιών, φαίνεται η δραστηριοποίηση διάφορων
περιοχών του εγκεφάλου κατά την διάρκεια ανάκλησης μιας συνειδητής μνήμης.
Σας παραθέτω μια σχετική πηγή (στα Αγγλικά)
απο το Oxford Journals , BRAIN
Brain activity during memory retrieval
και δύο ιδιαίτερα κατατοπιστικούς συνδέσμους
Νευροεπιστήμες: Οι επιστήμες του εγκεφάλου
Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης
Σεμινάριο : Θέματα Γνωστικής Ψυχολογίας
Θέμα: «Η ιστορία της ζωής μου»
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