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Urea keeps archaea alive in cold, dark polar seas
Published 2012-10-03
Linda Koffmar
Single-celled archaea, along with eukaryotes and bacteria, represent a third domain in the tree of life. In a new study directed by Uppsala University, researchers show that the growth and proliferation of archaea in polar seas are a result of their capacity to take up urea to satisfy their energy needs. This capacity enables them to survive and thrive in one of the most inhospitable natural environments on earth.
From having been regarded as odd and unusual organisms that exist primarily in extremely salty, warm or anaerobic environments, where they produce the greenhouse gas methane, among other things, they have more recently been mapped by researchers in previously unknown groups that exist in large numbers in most water and land environments. The metabolism and function of these archaea were unknown until eight years ago, when scientists managed to isolate and culture so-called Thaumarchaea in pure cultures. Researchers then found that the organisms could satisfy their energy needs by oxidizing ammonia to nitrite and create biomass from inorganic carbon: nitrification.
In a study being published today in the journal PNAS, the Uppsala scientists show that these Thamarchaea thrive in the northern and southern polar seas, above all during the coldest and darkest months of the year, and that their growth and success in this seemingly inhospitable environment can be explained by their uptake and exploitation of urea.
Urea, which is a central molecule in the nitrogen metabolism of various organisms (including the urine of mammals), normally occurs in higher concentrations than ammonia in these cold waters and is therefore a more reliable source of energy. By converting urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia, which are then used to extract energy, archaea manage to grow despite the lack of sunlight and organic compounds.
In this research study, directed by Dr Laura Alonso-Saez and Professor Stefan Bertilsson at the Department of Ecology and Genetics, scientists have managed to use new large-scale sequencing methods to reconstruct these cold-loving archaea’s genes and thereby described their function and metabolism. With various isotope-based methods, they have moreover demonstrated the Thaumarchaea’s uptake of urea and other compounds and charted the connection between their occurrence and the specific genes that enable the exploitation of urea and oxidation of ammonia in both the northern and southern polar seas.
‘This research into the genes of archaea helps us understand the biogeochemical metabolism of nitrogen, carbon, and other elements and is a striking example of how microorganisms use various adaptations to manage to grow successfully in the cold and dark polar seas, which represent some of the most inhospitable environments on earth’, says Stefan Bertilsson.
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- Read directly from the source
- The article in PNAS journal (not open access)
Published online before print
October 1, 2012, doi:10.1073/pnas.1201914109PNAS October 1, 2012
Role for urea in nitrification by polar marine Archaea
Abstract
Despite the high abundance of Archaea in the global ocean, their metabolism and biogeochemical roles remain largely unresolved. We investigated the population dynamics and metabolic activity of Thaumarchaeota in polar environments, where these microorganisms are particularly abundant and exhibit seasonal growth.Thaumarchaeota were more abundant in deep Arctic and Antarctic waters and grew throughout the winter at surface and deeper Arctic halocline waters. However, in situ single-cell activity measurements revealed a low activity of this group in the uptake of both leucine and bicarbonate (<5% Thaumarchaeota cells active), which is inconsistent with known heterotrophic and autotrophic thaumarchaeal lifestyles. These results suggested the existence of alternative sources of carbon and energy. Our analysis of an environmental metagenome from the Arctic winter revealed that Thaumarchaeota had pathways for ammonia oxidation and, unexpectedly, an abundance of genes involved in urea transport and degradation. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that most polarThaumarchaeota had the potential to oxidize ammonia, and a large fraction of them had urease genes, enabling the use of urea to fuel nitrification.Thaumarchaeota from Arctic deep waters had a higher abundance of urease genes than those near the surface suggesting genetic differences between closely related archaeal populations. In situ measurements of urea uptake and concentration in Arctic waters showed that small-sized prokaryotes incorporated the carbon from urea, and the availability of urea was often higher than that of ammonium. Therefore, the degradation of urea may be a relevant pathway for Thaumarchaeota and other microorganisms exposed to the low-energy conditions of dark polar waters.
- Βιολογία | Μικροβιολογία
Η ουρία διαδραματίζει έναν σημαντικό ρόλο στο μεταβολισμό των αζωτούχων ενώσεων των οργανισμών και είναι η κύρια αζωτούχος ουσία στα ούρα των θηλαστικών. Είναι στερεή, άχρωμη και άοσμη, αν και η μετατροπή της σε αμμωνία με την παρουσία νερού, συμπεριλαμβανόμενου των υδρατμών του αέρα, έχει έντονη οσμή. Διαλύεται εύκολα στο νερό σε όξινο ή αλκαλικό περιβάλλον και είναι πρακτικά μη τοξική. Το ανθρώπινο σώμα την χρησιμοποιεί σε πάρα πολλές διαδικασίες με πιο αξιοσημείωτη την διαδικασία αποβολής του αζώτου. Ο μέσος άνθρωπος αποβάλλει κατά μέσο όρο 30 γραμμάρια ουρία, κυρίως μέσω των ούρων, αλλά ένα μικρό ποσό της εκκρίνεται με τον ιδρώτα.

Στη Μικροβιολογία με τον νεότερο διεθνή όρο αρχαία κατέληξε γενικά να χαρακτηρίζονται τα λεγόμενα πρώην αρχαιοβακτήρια, καθώς έχουν διαφορετική εξελικτική ιστορία από τους υπόλοιπους μονοκύτταρους μικροοργανισμούς. Τα αρχαία αποτελούν μια από τα τρεις βασικές ομάδες τελευταίας ταξινόμησης των οργανισμών που έχει γίνει με βάση γενετικές δομές και αλληλουχίες. Συγκεκριμένα αποτελούν τη μεσαία τάξη από τα Βακτήρια και τα Ευκάρυα.
- Introduction to the Archaea
- Λίγα λόγια στην Ελληνική γλώσσα
Oι ερευνητές δείχνουν ότι η αύξηση και ο πολλαπλασιασμός των αρχαιοβατηρίων
στις πολικές θάλασσες είναι ένα αποτέλεσμα της ικανότητάς τους να μεταβολίσουν
την ουρία για να ικανοποιήσουν τις ενεργειακές ανάγκες τους.
Αυτή η ικανότητα τους επιτρέπει να επιζήσουν και να αναπτυχθούν
σε ένα από τα πιό αφιλόξενα φυσικά περιβάλλοντα στη γη.
Η ουρία, που είναι ένα κεντρικό μόριο στο μεταβολισμό αζώτου
των διάφορων οργανισμών (συμπεριλαμβανομένων των ούρων των θηλαστικών),
εμφανίζεται κανονικά σε υψηλότερες συγκεντρώσεις από την αμμωνία σε αυτά
τα κρύα νερά και είναι επομένως μια περισσότερο αξιόπιστη πηγή της ενέργειας.
Με τη μετατροπή της ουρίας σε διοξείδιο του άνθρακα και αμμωνία,
που χρησιμοποιούνται έπειτα για να εξαγάγουν την ενέργεια,
ο πληθυσμός των αρχαιοβακτηρίων κατορθώνει να αυξηθεί
παρά την έλλειψη φωτός του ήλιου και οργανικών ενώσεων.
Παρά την αφθονία αρχαιοβακτηρίων (Archaea) στα παγωμένα βάθη
των πολικών θαλάσσιων υδάτων,
ο μεταβολισμός και οι βιογεωχημικοί ρόλοι τους παραμένουν
κατά ένα μεγάλο μέρος ανεξερεύνητοι.
Ερευνήθηκε η δυναμική των πληθυσμών τους καθώς και η μεταβολική τους δραστηριότητα .
Ο πληθυσμός ήταν αφθονότερος στα βαθιά αρκτικά και ανταρκτικά νερά
και αυξήθηκε καθ’ όλη τη διάρκεια του χειμώνα.
Εντούτοις, οι μετρήσεις δραστηριότητας στους μονοκύτταρους μικροοργανισμούς,
αποκάλυψαν μια χαμηλή δραστηριότητα ,χαμηλό μεταβολισμό των αζωτούχων ενώσεων,
η οποία είναι ασυμβίβαστη με τους ήδη γνωστούς τρόπους ζωής της ομάδας.
Αυτή η παρατήρηση πρότεινε την ύπαρξη εναλλακτικών πηγών άνθρακα και ενέργειας.
Η ανάλυση επιβεβαίωσε ότι ο πληθυσμός είχε τους τρόπους για την οξείδωση αμμωνίας
και,απροσδόκητα, μια αφθονία γονιδίων που αναλαμβάνουν τη διατροφική μεταφορά.
Η ποσοτική PCR ανάλυση επιβεβαίωσε ότι ο μεγαλύτερος βακτηριδιακός πληθυσμός
είχε τη δυνατότητα να οξειδώσει την αμμωνία, και ένα μεγάλο μέρος του είχε γονίδια
που επέτρεπαν στην ουρία να τροφοδοτήσει την νιτροποίηση.
Τα βακτήρια από τα αρκτικά βαθιά νερά είχαν μια υψηλότερη αφθονία γονιδίων ουρίας
από εκείνα που βρίσκονταν πλησιέστερα στην επιφάνεια ,
κάτι το οποίο προκαλεί τις γενετικές διαφορές μεταξύ των πληθυσμών των αρχαιοβακτηρίων.
Οι μετρήσεις της λήψης και της συγκέντρωσης της ουρίας στα αρκτικά νερά
έδειξαν ότι προκαρυωτικοί οργανισμοί ενσωμάτωσαν τον άνθρακα από την ουρία,
και η διαθεσιμότητα της ουρίας ήταν συχνά υψηλότερη από αυτή του αμμωνίου.
Επομένως, η υποβάθμιση της ουρίας μπορεί να έχει μια σχετική επίδραση,
για τα βακτήρια και άλλους μικροοργανισμούς που επιβιώνουν
στο χαμηλής ενέργειας περιβάλλον των σκοτεινών πολικών νερών.
- Ευκαρυωτικά Κύτταρα (βικιπαίδεια)
- Προκαρυωτικά Κύτταρα (βικιπαίδεια)
Κέντρο Περιβαλλοντικής Εκπαίδευσης Καστοριάς
- Δρίζου Δέσποινα | Περιήγηση στο Κύτταρο
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Tracing Knowledge Notification | Ειδοποίηση Στα ίχνη της Γνώσης
UNMODIFIED COPY
of the original post, out of respect to the source (*) and readers.
Please follow the provided link for references and more informations.
(*) including scientists,artists,philosophers,writers,publishers,journalists and their entire work.
ΑΠΑΡΑΛΛΑΚΤΟ ΑΝΤΙΓΡΑΦΟ
της πρωτότυπης δημοσίευσης με σεβασμό στην πηγή και στους αναγνώστες.
Παρακαλώ επισκεφθείτε τον σύνδεσμο για περισσότερες πληροφορίες.
Urea keeps archaea alive in cold, dark polar seas – Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Linda Koffmar (2012).![]()
Urea keeps archaea alive in cold, dark polar seas
Uppsala University / PNAS journal
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